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Skip to content Język hebrajski a jidysz (27.11.2018)
Kiedy mówimy „język żydowski ”, o jakim języku myślimy? Jest to określenie bardzo nieprecyzyjne. Tradycyjnie na ziemiach polskich jako język żydowski pojmuje się jidysz, bowiem takim językiem posługiwali się Żydzi zamieszkujący naszą ojczyznę przed Holokaustem. Okazuje się jednak, że obecnie językiem, którym posługują się Żydzi, jest język hebrajski . Co to za języki, czym się od siebie różnią, a w czym są zbieżne?
Język hebrajski
Język hebrajski to semicki język starożytny, którego Izraelici zaczęli używać po zajęciu ziemi Kanaan. W tym okresie obszar ten graniczył z Fenicją, a więc hebrajski był bardzo podobny do fenickiego, a jego gramatyka była uboga. Taki język hebrajski znajdziemy w Biblii. Od V-IV w p.n.e. z roli języka potocznego wypierał go aramejski. Hebrajski pozostał językiem przodków, którym napisano teksty religijne, a którego wciąż używano do tworzenia tekstów naukowych i literackich. Widoczne są w nim wpływy języka aramejskiego, jeśli chodzi o słownictwo oraz o składnię, która była już bardziej rozwinięta.
W średniowieczu hebrajski poddawany był także wpływom języka arabskiego – z tego też języka tłumaczono na hebrajski , który z czasem właściwie wyszedł z użycia, jeśli pominąć liturgię. Na swój renesans hebrajski musiał czekać do XIX wieku, kiedy to w 1881 roku Eliezer Ben Jehuda przybył do Palestyny, głosząc ideę odrodzenia hebrajskiego w charakterze języka mówionego. Napotkał on na zdecydowany opór, nie przeszkodziło mu to jednak założyć towarzystwa, które na celu miało przywrócenie hebrajskiego, tworzenie w nim literatury oraz nauczanie go wśród młodzieży. Po towarzystwie powstał Komitet Języka Hebrajskiego. Starania Ben Jehudy nie poszły na marne – w 1948 roku współczesny hebrajski, zwany iwrit, został językiem urzędowym Izraela. Jest on swoistą hybrydą – słownictwo opiera się na hebrajskim biblijnym oraz neologizmach, które trzeba było stworzyć, by dostosować język do realiów, składnia zaś na hebrajskim rabinicznym. Wymowa z kolei zgodna jest z zasadami stosowanymi przez Żydów sefardyjskich. Język ten znów żyje – posługuje się nim ok. 5,3 miliona ludzi, a według niektórych szacunków – nawet 8 milionów.
Jidysz
Jidysz jest językiem dużo młodszym. Narodził się także w zupełnie innym miejscu niż hebrajski. Jest to język, którego początki datuje się na dużo wcześniejsze – na X wiek. Wtedy to na tereny Nadrenii przybyli Żydzi, którzy posługiwali się językiem judeofrancuskim. Szybko zasymilowali się z ludnością niemieckojęzyczną, do swojego języka dodając elementy dialektów staroniemieckich oraz języka romańskiego. Mieszanka ta była pierwotną formą jidysz. Do tej pierwotnej formy od początku XIII wieku zaczęły dołączać elementy słowiańskie, bowiem Żydzi migrowali do Polski, Czech, na Litwę. W powstałym języku właśnie zapisano najstarsze zdanie, jakie zachowało się w jidysz, a mianowicie „Gut tag im betage se wer dis machzer in beshakneses trage” czyli „Błogosławiony, kto ten modlitewnik do synagogi nosi”. Pochodzi ono z roku 1272 lub 1273. Potem nastąpił rozłam jidysz na dialekty – jeden dialekt wykorzystywali Żydzi niemieccy i holenderscy, drugi – słowiańscy.
Drugi dialekt dzielił się jeszcze na mniejsze dialekty, w zależności od kraju zamieszkania – na polski, litewski i ukraiński. Jidysz stopniowo stawał się językiem największej wspólnoty żydowskiej, będąc nie tylko językiem potocznym, ale także literackim i naukowym. Hebrajski był wtedy jedynie językiem religii. Szacuje się, że do II wojny światowej językiem jidysz posługiwało się około 11 milionów Żydów. Podczas Holokaustu jidysz niemal zniknął z powierzchni ziemi. Posługują się nim społeczności w Izraelu i USA (dokąd jidysz zawędrował wraz z migrującymi Żydami).
Hebrajski i jidysz – podobieństwa i różnice
Pierwsza różnica jest niezwykle wyraźna – język hebrajski jest dużo starszy od języka jidysz . Pochodzi także z innej rodziny języków. Hebrajski to język semicki z grupy kananejskiej, jidysz definiuje się zaś jako język germański z elementami hebrajskiego, słowiańskiego oraz zapożyczeniami romańskimi. Trzecia różnica polega niewątpliwie na rozprzestrzenieniu języka obecnie, a także w przeszłości. Język hebrajski, język biblijny, w średniowieczu stracił na wartości, aby powrócić w wieku XIX i pozostać językiem używanym przez Żydów. Język jidysz powstał mniej więcej wtedy, kiedy hebrajski zanikał, a sam niemal zniknął po II wojnie światowej. Są jednak między tymi językami podobieństwa – przede wszystkim, posługują się one tym samym alfabetem, pierwotnie oczywiście alfabetem hebrajskim, w którym nie rozróżnia się wielkich i małych liter, a czyta od prawej do lewej. Nie zapisuje się nim samogłosek. I tu jednak znaleźć można różnice – w języku hebrajskim niekiedy samogłoski są oznaczane , by ułatwić czytanie słowa. W jidysz nie ma to miejsca.
Hebrajski i jidysz – podsumowanie Podsumowując, język hebrajski i język jidysz , choć używane przez tę samą narodowość, znacznie różnią się od siebie. Jedynym wspólnym punktem jest tak naprawdę alfabet. Różnią je daty powstania, okresy, kiedy były najpopularniejsze, rodziny językowe, z których pochodzą, a także ich obecna kondycja. Warto więc wiedzieć, który język jest którym, i rozróżniać je.
Co zrobić, gdy nie ma tłumacza przysięgłego danego języka?
Blog tłumacza przysięgłego
Tytuł
Język hebrajski a jidysz
Opis
Tradycyjnie na ziemiach polskich jako język żydowski pojmuje się jidysz, bowiem takim językiem posługiwali się Żydzi zamieszkujący naszą ojczyznę przed Holokaustem. Okazuje się jednak, że obecnie językiem, którym posługują się Żydzi, jest język hebrajski.
Autor
MIW
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Biuro Tłumaczeń MIW
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